考研

2013年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語（二）試題

Section I     Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically.  1  a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been  2  for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon "revolutionize the very  3  of money itself," only to  4  itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so  5  in coming?

Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work  6  the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very  7  to set up the computer, card reader, and telecornmunications networks necessary to make electronic money the  8  form of payment Second, paper checks have the advantage that they  9  receipts, something thai many consumers are unwilling to  10  . Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of "float" - it takes several days  11  a check is cashed and funds are  12  from the issuer's account, which means that the writer of the check can cam interest on the funds in the meantime.  13  electronic payments arc immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer.

Fourth, electronic means of payment may  14  security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information  15  there. The fact that this is not an 16 occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and  17  from someone else's accounts. The  18  of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a new field of computer science is developing to 19  security issues. A further concern is that the use of e lectronic means of payment leaves an electronic  20  that contains a large amount of personal data. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.

1. [A] However              [B] Moreover            [C] Therefore            [D] Otherwise

2. [A] off                       [B] back                   [C] over                    [D] around

3. [A] power                  [B] concept               [C] history                [D] role

4. [A] reward                 [B] resist                   [C] resume                [D] reverse

5. [A] silent                    [B] sudden                [C] slow                   [D] steady

6. [A] for                       [B] against                [C] with                    [D] on

7. [A] imaginative           [B] expensive            [C] sensitive              [D] productive

8. [A] similar                 [B] original               [C] temporary           [D] dominant

9. [A] collect                  [B] provide               [C] copy                   [D] print

10. [A] give up                 [B] take over             [C] bring back           [D] pass down

11. [A] before                  [B] after                   [C] since                   [D] when

12. [A] kept                     [B] borrowed            [C] released               [D] withdrawn

13. [A] Unless                  [B] Until                   [C] Because               [D] Though

14. [A] hide                   [B] express                [C] raise               [D]ease

15. [A] analyzed               [B] shared                 [C] stored                 [D] displayed

16. [A] unsafe                  [B] unnatural             [C] uncommon          [D] unclear

17. [A] steal                     [B] choose                [C] benefit                [D] return

18. [A] consideration        [B] prevention           [C] manipulation       [D] justification

19. [A] cope with             [B] fight against        [C] adapt to               [D] call for

20. [A] chunk                   [B] chip                    [C] path                    [D] trail

Section II  Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

Text 1

In an essay entitled “Making It in America”, the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill only two employees today,” a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines.”

Davidson’s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign worker.

In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job，could earn an average lifestyle ,But ,today ,average is officially over. Being average just won’t earn you what it used to. It can’t when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra-their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment.

Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. But there’s been an acceleration. As Davidson notes,” In the 10 years ending in 2009, [U.S.] factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs-about 6 million in total -disappeared.

There will always be changed-new jobs, new products, new services. But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I.T. revolution, the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average.

In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do to support employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G.I.Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to poet-high school education.

21. The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate_______

[A] the impact of technological advances

[B] the alleviation of job pressure

[C] the shrinkage of textile mills

[D] the decline of middle-class incomes

22. According to Paragraph 3, to be a successful employee, one has to______

[A] work on cheap software

[B] ask for a moderate salary

[C] adopt an average lifestyle

[D] contribute something unique

23. The quotation in Paragraph 4 explains that ______

[A] gains of technology have been erased

[B] job opportunities are disappearing at a high speed

[C] factories are making much less money than before

[D] new jobs and services have been offered

24. According to the author, to reduce unemployment, the most important is_____

[A] to accelerate the I.T. revolution

[B] to ensure more education for people

[C] ro advance economic globalization

[D] to pass more bills in the 21st century

25. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text?

[A] New Law Takes Effect

[B] Technology Goes Cheap

[C] Average Is Over

[D] Recession Is Bad

Text 2

A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic inclued settlers and sojourners. Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came those who had no intention to stay, and 7millin people arrived while about 2 million departed. About a quarter of all Italian immigrants, for exanmle, eventually returned to Italy for good. They even had an affectionate nickname, “uccelli di passaggio,” birds of passage.

Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide nemcomers into two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as Americans in the making, or our broken immigrantion system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it. We don’t need more categories, but we need to change the way we think about categories. We need to look beyond strick definitions of legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, those living and thriving in the gray areas. We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.

Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home health-care aides and physicists are among today’s birds of passage. They are energetic participants in a global economy driven by the flow of work, money and ideas .They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them , They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another.

With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with ease. We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever. We need them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably.

Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of the immigration battle .Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes. Including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system.

26 “Birds of passage” refers to those who____

[A] immigrate across the Atlantic.

[B] leave their home countries for good.

[C] stay in a foregin temporaily.

[D] find permanent jobs overseas.

27 It is implied in paragraph 2 that the current immigration stystem in the US____

[A] needs new immigrant categories.

[B] has loosened control over immigrants.

[C] should be adopted to meet challenges.

[D] has been fixeed via political means.

28 According to the author, today’s birds of passage want___

[A] fiancial incentives.

[B] a global recognition.

[C] opportunities to get regular jobs.

[D] the freedom to stay and leave.

29 The author suggests that the birds of passage today should be treated __

[A] as faithful partners.

[B] with economic favors.

[C] with regal tolerance.

[D] as mighty rivals.

30 選出最適合文章的標題

[A] come and go: big mistake.

[B] living and thriving : great risk.

[C] with or without : great risk.

[D] legal or illegal: big mistake.

Text 3

Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions, if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick, hard-wired responses.

Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; if we are judging whether someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react very quickly, within milliseconds. But we need more time to assess other factors. To accurately tell whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five. It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality, like neuroticism or open-mindedness.

But snap decisions in reaction to rapid stimuli aren’t exclusive to the interpersonal realm. Psychologists at the University of Toronto found that viewing a fast-food logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster, even though reading has little to do with eating. We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else we’re doing, Subjects exposed to fast-food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.

Yet we can reverse such influences. If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face (one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling), we can take a moment before buying. If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants, we can help screeners understand their biases-or hire outside screeners.

John Gottman, the marriage expert, explains that we quickly “thin slice” information reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in “thick sliced” long-term study. When Dr. Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together, he invites them to his island retreat for a muck longer evaluation; two days, not two seconds.

Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals: doge can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes. But historically we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer term. Although technology might change the way we react, it hasn’t changed our nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend.

31. The time needed in making decisions may____.

[A] vary according to the urgency of the situation

[B] prove the complexity of our brain reaction

[C] depend on the importance of the assessment

[D] predetermine the accuracy of our judgment

32. Our reaction to a fast-food logo shows that snao decisions____.

[A] can be associative

[B] are not unconscious

[C] can be dangerous

[D] are not impulsive

33. Toreverse the negative influences of snap decisions,we should____.

[A] trust our first impression

[B] do as people usually do

[C] think before we act

[D] ask for expert advice

34. John Gottman says that reliable snap reaction are based on____.

[A] critical assessment

[B]‘‘thin sliced ’’study

[C] sensible explanation

[D] adequate information

35. The author’s attitude toward reversing the high-speed trend is____.

[A] tolerant

[B] uncertain

[C] optimistic

[D] doubtful

Text 4

Europe is not a gender-equality heaven.In particular, the corporate workplace will never be completely family—friendly until women are part of senior management decisions,and Europe,s top corporate-governance positions remain overwhelmingly male .indeed,women hold only 14 percent of positions on Europe corporate boards.

The Europe Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards to maintain a certain proportion of women-up to 60 percent.This proposed mandate was born of frustration. Last year, Europe Commission Vice President Viviane Reding issued a call to voluntary action. Reding invited corporations to sign up for gender balance goal of 40 percent female board membership. But her appeal was considered a failure: only 24 companies took it up.

Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate Ladder fairy as they balance work and family?

“Personally, I don’t like quotas,” Reding said recently. “But i like what the quotas do.” Quotas get action: they “open the way to equality and they break through the glass ceiling,” according to Reding, a result seen in France and other countries with legally binding provisions on placing women in top business positions.

I understand Reding’s reluctance-and her frustration. I don’t like quotas either; they run counter to my belief in meritocracy, government by the capable. Bur, when one considers the obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal, it does look as if a fairer world must be temporarily ordered.

After all, four decades of evidence has now shown that corporations in Europe as the US are evading the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top position— no matter how much “soft pressure ” is put upon them. When women do break through to the summit of  corporate power--as, for example, Sheryl Sandberg recently did at Facebook—they attract massive attention precisely because they remain the exception to the rule.

If appropriate pubic policies were in place to help all women---whether CEOs or their children’s caregivers--and all families, Sandberg would be no more newsworthy than any other highly capable person living in a more just society.

36. In the European corporate workplace, generally_____.

[A] women take the lead

[B] men have the final say

[C] corporate governance is overwhelmed

[D] senior management is family-friendly

37. The European Union’s intended legislation is ________.

[A] a reflection of gender balance

[B] a reluctant choice

[C] a response to Reding’s call

[D] a voluntary action

38. According ti Reding, quotas may help women ______.

[A] get top business positions

[B] see through the glass ceiling

[C] balance work and family

[D] anticipate legal results

39. The author’s attitude toward Reding’s appeal is one of _________.

[A] skepticism

[B] objectiveness

[C] indifference

[D] approval

40. Women entering top management become headlines due to the lack of ______.

[A] more social justice

[B] massive media attention

[C] suitable public policies

[D] greater “soft pressure”

Part B

Directions:

You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45).Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)

[A] Live like a peasant

[B] Balance your diet

[C] Shopkeepers are your friends

[D] Remember to treat yourself

[E] Stick to what you need

[F] Planning is evervthing

[G] Waste not, want not

The hugely popular blog the Skint Foodie chronicles how Tony balances his love of good food with living on benefits. After bills, Tony has ￡60 a week to spend, ￡40 of which goes on food, but 10 years ago he was earning ￡130,000 a I year working in corporate communications and eating at London's betft restaurants'" at least twice a week. Then his marriage failed, his career burned out and his drinking became serious. "The community mental health team saved my life. And I felt like that again, to a certain degree, when people responded to the blog so well. It gave me the validation and confidence that I'd lost. But it's still a day-by-day thing." Now he's living in a council flat and fielding offers from literary agents. He's feeling positive, but he'll carry on blogging - not about eating as cheaply as you can - "there are so many people in a much worse state, with barely any money to spend on food" - but eating well on a budget. Here's his advice for economical foodies.

41._____________________

Impulsive spending isn't an option, so plan your week's menu in advance, making shopping lists for your ingredients in their exact quantities. I have an Excel template for a week of breakfast, lunch and dinner. Stop laughing: it's not just cost effective but helps you balance your diet. It's also a good idea to shop daily instead of weekly, because, being-human, you'll sometimes change your mind about what you fancy.

42____________________________________________________________

This is where supermarkets and thci; anonymity come in handy. With them,

there's not the same embarrassment as when buying one carrot in a little

greengrocer. And if you plan properly, you'll know that you only need, say, 350g

of shin of beef and six rashers of bacon, not whatever weight is pre-packed in the

supermarket chiller.

43_________

You may proudly claim to only have frozen peas in the freezer - that's not

good enough. Mine is filled with leftovers, bread, stock, meat and fish. Planning

ahead should eliminate wastage, but if you have surplus vegetables you'll do a

vegetable soup, and all fruits threatening to "go off' will be cooked or juiced.

44___________________________________

Everyone says this, but it really is a top tip for frugal eaters. Shop at butchers,

delis and fish-sellers regularly, even for small things, and be super friendly. Soon

you'll feel comfortable asking if they've any knuckles of ham for soups and stews,

or beef bones, chicken carcasses and fish heads for stock which, more often than

not, Theyil let you have for free.

45__________________

You won't be eating out a lot, but save your pennies and once every few

months treat yourself to a set lunch at a good restaurant - ￡1.75 a week for three

months gives you ￡21 - more than" enough for a three-course lunch at

Michelin-starred Arbutus. It's ￡16.95 there - or ￡12.99 for a large pizza from

Domino's: I know which I'd rather eat.

Section III  Translation

Directions:

Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)

I can pick a date from the past 53 years and know instantly where I was , what happened in the news and even the day of the week. I’ve been able to do this since I was four.

I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs my mind seems to be able to cope and the information is stored away reatly. When I think of a sad memory, I do what everyone does- try to put it to one side. I don’t think it’s harder for me just because my memory is clearer. Powerful memory doesn’t make my emotions any more acture or vivid. I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to the hosptibal the day before. I also remember that the musical paly Hamopened on the Broadway on the same day- they both just pop into my mind in the same way.

Section IV  Writing

47. Suppose your class is to hold a charity sale foe kids in need of help. Write your classmates an email to

1) inform them about the details and encourage them to participate .

2) Don’t use your own name, use “Li Ming” instead. Don’t write your address.(10 points)

48 write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should

1)interpret the chart and

2)give your comments

You  should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET .

答案解析:

Section I     Use of English

1．【答案】A（However）

【解析】空前作者講到“鑒于電子貨幣的優(yōu)勢,你也許會認為,我們將快速步入非現(xiàn)金社會,實現(xiàn)完全電子支付。”而空后說“真正的無現(xiàn)金社會很可能不會馬上到來”這兩句話語義是轉(zhuǎn)折的，因此答案A。 B. moreover表遞進C. therefore 表結(jié)果D. Otherwise表對比

2．【答案】D （around）

【解析】由空格所在句的“but” 得知，句子前后是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。事實上,這樣的預測已經(jīng)二十年了,但迄今還沒有實現(xiàn)。A. off 停止B. back 返回C. over 結(jié)束，與后文均不構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)折，故答案選D. around出現(xiàn)。

3．【答案】B （concept）

【解析】空格所在的句子意思為例如, 1975年《商業(yè)周刊》預測電子支付手段不久將“徹底改變貨幣本身的____”將四個選項帶入，能夠徹底改變的對象只能是金錢的概念（定義），而A“力量”,C“歷史”,D“角色”，語義都不恰當，并且如果選擇role的話，應該是復數(shù)roles, 因為是金錢的作用不止一個，故答案選B。

4．【答案】D （reverse）

【解析】空格填入的動詞跟前面的動詞revolutionize （變革）意思上應該是同義替換的，要選擇含有變革，徹底改變意思的詞匯，四個選項中A. reward 獎勵B. 抵抗C. resume 重新開始，繼續(xù)，都不合適，只有D選項reverse“顛覆”最為貼切，本句譯為“電子支付方式不久將改變貨幣的定義,并將在數(shù)年后顛覆貨幣本身。”

5．【答案】C （slow）

【解析】根據(jù)前面的句意得知，早在1975年就預測了無現(xiàn)金社會將到來，而實際上作者講到“真正的無現(xiàn)金社會很可能不會馬上到來”，因此也得出這種變革是一個緩慢的過程，故答案選擇C。 A. silent沉寂的，B. sudden突然的，D. steady穩(wěn)定不變的。

6．【答案】B （against）

【解析】上一段末句提出本段的論點，即人們進入無現(xiàn)金時代的速度緩慢的原因。因此本段應圍繞紙幣系統(tǒng)不會消失來闡述。而且由句首的Although得知，空格所在句與前一句是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。盡管電子支付手段可能比紙幣支付方式更加高效，然而以下幾個方面解釋了紙幣系統(tǒng)“不會”消失的原因，故答案選B，work against妨礙，對…產(chǎn)生消極影響。A. work for 為…而工作C. work with 與…共事，對…起作用D. work on 從事…工作，對…起作用，都不合適。

7．【答案】B （expensive）

【解析】本句陳述的原因都是關(guān)于上句提到的傳統(tǒng)支付方式的優(yōu)點，即推廣電子支付方式不利之處。所以根據(jù)這個基調(diào)，得出選項productive不對，最后根據(jù)空后的內(nèi)容推理出消極意思的選項expensive，其他選項意思放到空格處不合理，imaginative，意思是“虛構(gòu)的、富于想象力的”；sensitive，意思是“敏感的、容易受傷的”。故本題正確答案為B。

8．【答案】D（dominant）

【解析】空格所在句譯為...使得電子貨幣成為____支付方式，將四個選項帶入，C, D是比較恰當?shù)模俳Y(jié)合本文章的主旨，應該選擇“占主導地位的，支配地位”這層意思的D選項。A. similar 相似的B. original原始的，獨創(chuàng)的,都不合適。

9．【答案】B （provide）

【解析】 紙質(zhì)支票支付能夠____收據(jù),這是和電子支付相比的一大優(yōu)勢，A. collect 收集收據(jù)，C. copy 復印收據(jù)，D. print打印收據(jù)都和實際生活不符合。應該是B. provide提供收據(jù)。

10．【答案】A （give up）

【解析】該動詞短語的賓語是前文的something, 指代上文的advantage，紙質(zhì)支票支付能夠提供收據(jù)這一優(yōu)勢，肯定是消費者不愿放棄的。和優(yōu)勢相搭配的動詞短語不能是B. take over接管，也不能是C. bring back拿回來，D. pass down傳遞、遺傳也不符合。A. give up放棄一種優(yōu)勢，符合語境，為正確答案。

11. 【答案】A （before）

【解析】這里考查的是時間連詞的應用。句子意思是“在支票兌換成現(xiàn)金之前要花上好幾天”，符合句意的只有before，其它三項都不符合。

12. 【答案】D （withdrawn）

【解析】這里考查動詞辨義。原文句子意思是“資金是從發(fā)卡機構(gòu)的賬戶里提取的”，withdraw有“提款、取款”的意思，這里是指紙幣從銀行賬戶中“被取出”故為正確答案。

13. 【答案】C （Because）

【解析】這里考查的是連詞的應用。從原文可以看出空后的兩個句子在意思上存在著因果關(guān)系，“因為電子支付是即付的，所以消除了客戶的付款”。四個選項中只有C because可以表因果，其他三項均不能表因果。故答案為C。

14. 【答案】C（ raise）

【解析】 這里考查的是動詞辨析以及上下文語義銜接。[A] hide “隱藏，隱瞞”，[B] express “表達，表示”，[C] raise “舉起，提高，引發(fā)”，[D] ease “減輕，緩和”，四個選項中能和concerns 構(gòu)成搭配的只有raise，故正確答案為[C]。

15．【答案】C.(stored)

【解析】這句講了an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information__________ there. “一些黑客入侵電腦數(shù)據(jù)庫并且更改_____信息”根據(jù)空前信息可知是入侵電腦數(shù)據(jù)庫，所以information 是被儲存在電腦數(shù)據(jù)庫中的信息。

16．【答案】C.(uncommon)

【解析】此題考查一致性。空格所在句“The fact that this is not an__16_occurrence means that…”中this指代上文中that從句的內(nèi)容，即黑客能夠獲取電腦數(shù)據(jù)庫和更改儲存的信息。因此not an_16_occurrence應該能體現(xiàn)這一行為的特征，而上文提到“We often hear media reports that…”，其中的often正是對這一行為的特征解釋，即not an__occurrence等于often的含義，對比選項，只有C選項uncommon符合，帶入后意為“經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事情”。

17．【答案】A (steal)

【解析】本題缺少謂語動詞，通過語法結(jié)構(gòu)可以看出，主語是dishonest persons，并通過后面的其他人的帳戶，可以推定為答案是負向的，只有A steal符合題意，語義上也說得通，故為正確答案。

18．【答案】B.(prevention)

【解析】文章最后一段首句談?wù)撾娮痈顿M方式的又一個缺陷：會引起安全和隱私問題。接下來就開始解釋這個現(xiàn)象?？崭袼诰涮岬?ldquo;對這種欺詐的_18__絕非易事，而且一個新的電腦科學領(lǐng)域正在形成來_19__安全問題。”因此，本句在談?wù)搶栴}的解決應對。18空格與19空格所填內(nèi)容語意上應該是一致的。瀏覽選項，18空只能選prevention，即防止這種欺詐行為發(fā)生并非易事，而C選項manipulation是“操縱”的意思，D選項justification意為“解釋，證明……合理”，均不合理。

19．【答案】A.(cope with)

【解析】此空格解釋同18空格，應選有“處理，解決”意思的選項，只有A選項cope with合適。B選項fight against意為“對抗，抵制”，而賓語是security issues，因此不符合。

20．【答案】D.(trail)

【解析】此空所在句提出了使用電子付費方式的又一個擔心，即會留下__20_，空格后的定語從句解釋了空格內(nèi)容，即它包含大量個人數(shù)據(jù)。瀏覽選項，只有trail符合，意為“痕跡”。B碎片從語義上均說不通，C路徑有一定的干擾性，但相比較D而言，痕跡更為合適，故為正確答案

Section II  Reading Comprehension

Part A

Text 1

21．【答案】A

【解析】第一段第二行指出笑話是關(guān)于紡織廠自動化程度的，后一句具體說明了笑話的內(nèi)容：工廠平均每天只有兩個人，一人一狗。人的工作是喂狗，狗的工作是看機器，暗示了工廠所有的生產(chǎn)工作都是由機器自動完成的。因此，這個笑話是用來說明技術(shù)進步的影響，故選A。

22．【答案】D

【解析】 事實細節(jié)題，通過題干“根據(jù)第3段，要想成為一個成功的雇員，一個人得……”, 我們首先可以定位到文章第三段，由第三段的最后一句話“Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra-their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment.”意思是“因此，人人都需要有另外的價值，異于常人的獨特價值能夠讓他們在各自的雇傭市場上脫穎而出。”，我們可以得出，題干中“to be a successful employee”與第三段的最后一句話中的“that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment”是同義替換，“everyone needs to find their extra-their unique value contribution”與D選項中的“contribute something unique”是同義替換，所以D選項正確。

A、B兩個選項與第三段的倒數(shù)第二句話意思不符，是干擾選項。C選項與第三段的第一、二句話意思相反，重點關(guān)注的是“But ,today ,average is officially over.”，意思是“現(xiàn)如今，擁有一般水平不行了。”

23.  【答案】B

【解析】根據(jù)題干定位到第四段，第一句technology has been eating jobs（技術(shù)使工作機會減少）也反映了該段的主旨。而根據(jù)題干quotation一詞，我們讀到引號里有“shed workers （解雇工人）”、“roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs-about 6 million in total -disappeared （大約1/3的手工生產(chǎn)工作機會消失，總計6百萬）”，可推斷出B選項。

24. 【答案】B

【解析】細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干reduce unemployment減少失業(yè)，可以定位到文章中最后一段，這段出現(xiàn)了與之類似的表達“support employment” 促進就業(yè)，而題干表述“the most important”與文章“nothing would be more important than”相對應，指出促進就業(yè)最重要的是頒布類似于“G.I.Bill”的法案來保障人們接受高等教育的權(quán)利，選項C與之吻合，故正確。A項加速信息技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)變革，C項促進經(jīng)濟全球化，均未提及，故排除。D項是干擾項，雖提及要頒布更多法案，但頒布法案的目的實際是為了保障教育，故也排除。

25.【答案】C

【解析】該題是主旨大意題，主要考查考生根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容凝練主旨大意的能力。從整個文章的脈絡(luò)來看，第一段以亞當?大衛(wèi)森一篇論文中關(guān)于現(xiàn)代工廠自動化與僅需要一人一狗兩個員工的一則笑話，揭示了科技進步給人們帶來的影響。第二三段是科技的進步引起工廠自動化水平提高，普通員工如果沒有競爭力和突出優(yōu)勢，就很容易失去工作，因此也對員工提出了更高的要求（extra-unique value contribution）。第四段就是員工只有不斷地提高自己的教育水平，才能讓自己脫穎而出（to have more and better education to make themselves above average）。最后一段點明主題，average is officially over。由此可見，全文一直在圍繞這一宏觀主線展開，這一主線也統(tǒng)領(lǐng)全文，所以正確答案為C。

Text 2

26．【答案】C （stay in a foreign temporarily）

【解析】詞義句意題。根據(jù)題干，首先定位到首段末句。在這句中，birds of passage是前面一句中的1/4的意大利移民的昵稱，他們只在美國居住了一段時間，但最終還是返回意大利。A項的內(nèi)容在首段首句有提及，但是它突出強調(diào)的是橫跨大西洋的移民，這也是一世紀前的情況，而如今birds of passage可能來自世界各個角落，并非局限于大西洋兩岸。B項與段意不符，D項文中未提及。

27．【答案】C （should be adopted to meet challenges）

【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干，直接定位到第二段。解題關(guān)鍵可定位到“…, but we need to change the way we think about categories. We need to look beyond stick definitions of legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, …We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.”大意是“我們需要改變的是關(guān)于分類的思考方式，突破合法和非法的嚴格限制。首先承認短暫移民者的存在，然后解決移民問題面臨的挑戰(zhàn)。”C項高度總結(jié)了以上幾點。A項與原文意思不符。B、D項在文中未提及。

28．【答案】D （the freedom to stay and leave）

【解析】事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干，可定位到第三段。解題關(guān)鍵在于對“They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them .They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another.”大意是“他們跟著機會走，來去自如。他們可以在一個地方立業(yè)，在另一個地方成家”。強調(diào)的是工作機會，而不在乎工作地點。D項是這句意思的高度概括。A項是對原文的片面理解，吸引短暫移民者的不僅僅是來自金錢的激勵（financial incentives），還有工作機會和工作理念。B項在文中未提及。C項中的regular jobs（一般工作）在文中未提及，也是對文意的曲解。

29．【答案】C （with legal tolerance）

【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干，可定位到第五段。題干問到“根據(jù)作者的意思，我們（美國）應該怎樣對待這些短暫移民者？”在本段中，作者寫道我們應該“Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes. Including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system”，大意是“我們應該超越移民合法性方面的文化之爭，重現(xiàn)看待中間地段，充分意識到當今的移民管理體系需要各種途徑，從而取得多樣化的結(jié)果，來解決現(xiàn)今移民體系下用法律手段很難解決的問題”，暗含了C項中的tolerance也就是對multiple paths and multiple outcomes的改寫。A、B和D項在文中未提及。

30．【答案】D （legal or illegal: big mistake）

【解析】主旨大意題。文章第二段第二句中提到“我們把新移民分成兩類：合法移民和不合法移民”，同時作者認為“我們不需要局限于合法與不合法這樣嚴格的定義”，這說明了從合法和不合法角度對于移民的分類是錯誤的。另外，文章最后一段最后一句“包括在現(xiàn)行的移民體系中不容易合法的實現(xiàn)的一些事情”也反映了文章的中心。即，從合法和不合法角度對于移民的分類是錯誤的。故選D（合法或非法：大錯誤）。 A項談到短暫移民者的移動是個錯誤，偏離了文章主旨。B和C項說的是risk（風險），文中并未提及，偏離文章主旨。

Text 3

31．【答案】 [D] predetermine the accuracy of our judgment

【解析】細節(jié)題。題干問的是“作決定過程中所需的時間可以_____”。文章第一段提到“如果我們在做出反應之前花點兒時間來思考，那么將會減少甚至消除我們快速反應所帶來的負面影響”，也就是說我們做決定所花的時間決定了我們判斷的準確性。文章第二段第二句話也隱含本題正確答案線索。第二句以But這一轉(zhuǎn)折連詞引導，應該重點關(guān)注其后表達的信息，“但是，我們需要更多的時間來評估其他要素。”而本段的第三、四句子，很明顯地揭示出本題正確答案，尤其是第三個句子中的“accurately” 一詞。選項D中的表達“可預先決定判斷的準確性”，此外，此選項中的“accuracy” 為“accurately ”的同詞異形，故此項為正確答案。選項A表達“依形勢緊急性而定”錯在無中生有，本文并沒有出現(xiàn)類似信息；選項B“證明大腦反映的復雜性”，也是無中生有；選項C “取決于評估的重要性”，也與原文不符合，故排除。

32．【答案】[A] can be associative

【解析】細節(jié)題。題干問的是“我們對于快餐商標的反應速度表明決定是_____樣的”,由題干的“fast-food logo”我們可以定位到第三段。第二段說處理人際關(guān)系問題時人們會倉促決定，第三段開頭就說了，讓人做出倉促決定的刺激因素不僅限于人際關(guān)系范圍內(nèi)。緊接著一句說人們對快餐商標的反應速度比一般閱讀速度快。下一句闡述了原因：因為人們無意識地（unconsciously）將“快餐”與“速度”和“心急”聯(lián)系在一起，并將這些沖動付諸行動。A說決定是有聯(lián)系性的，正確，因為人們將“快餐”與“速度”，“心急”聯(lián)系在了一起。B說決定是無意識的，與原文意思相反，錯。C說決定是危險的，原文未提及，排除。D說決定是不沖動的，與原文意思相悖，故排除。

33．【答案】[C] think before we act

【解析】細節(jié)題。先看題干說“為了逆轉(zhuǎn)倉促決定所帶來的影響，我們可以做_____”， 根據(jù)題干定位到第四段。第四段通過兩個例子說明我們應該怎樣克服負面影響，第一個例子表示“如果我們會對消費產(chǎn)品或者房產(chǎn)選擇做出“過度反應”，我們可以在購買之前先思考一會兒”，由此可說明我們應該在行動之前先思考來消除負面影響，因此選擇答案C。其他選項：A項“相信我們的第一印象”；B項“按照人們通常所做的去做”；D項“征求專家意見”均不符合題意。

34．【答案】[D] adequate information

【解析】細節(jié)題。題干問的是“John Gottman認為可靠的快速反映是基于_____的。”由題干John Gottman 定位到全文倒數(shù)第二段。其中第一句：John Gottman, the marriage expert,the marriage expert,explains that we quickly”thin slice”information reliably only after we gound such snap reactions in ”thick sliced”long-term study.婚姻專家約翰.古德曼解釋說，我們快速反應的信息的可靠性是建立在這樣的快速反應的行為是以長期的研究為基礎(chǔ)而做出的快速反應行為。其中g(shù)ound是題干中base on 的同意置換，long-term study長期的研究與D選項adequate information相互呼應。由此可判斷出[D] adequate information（足夠的信息）是本題正解。該段第二句話是When Dr,Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together, he invites them to his island retreat for a much longer eveluation,two days ,not two seconds.當古德曼博士想去評估一對夫妻是否應該繼續(xù)在一起時，他會邀請他們到他的島上進行一個更為長期的調(diào)查，是兩天而不是兩秒。第二句是對第一句的舉例說明，更加驗證此選項。

35．【答案】[C] optimistic

【解析】態(tài)度題。根據(jù)35題題干reversing the high-speed trend是全文的最后一句，所以解此題可先定位到全文的最后一段。最后一段最后兩句：Although technology might change the way we react, it hasn’t changed our nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend.譯為：盡管技術(shù)可能改變我們反應的方式，但是它并沒有改變我們的本性。我們?nèi)匀挥心芰θタ朔T惑并扭轉(zhuǎn)這種高速度的趨勢。由此我們可以看出作者的態(tài)度是非常確定的，因此B選項uncertain（不確定）首先排除；We still have the imaginative capacity…表面作者對于我們的能力是有信心的。因此[C] optimistic（樂觀的）是正解。A選項tolerant(容忍的) 、D選項doubtful(懷疑的)在原文中沒有體現(xiàn)，屬于無中生有的選項。

Text 4

36．【答案】B  men have the final say

【解析】根據(jù)題干corporate workplace定位到第一段。首句就說歐洲性別不平等，in particular進一步指出corporate workplace，說明工作中性別尤其不平等。緊接著說歐洲公司高管職位remain overwhelmingly male，說明以男性為主導。Indeed進一步解釋，指出女性在歐洲公司董事會只占有14%的席位。所以，B選項是基于首段信息給出的推論。A項women take the lead和D項senior management is family-friendly都與原文相反；C選項是對文章overwhelm這個詞出的干擾項。

37．【答案】A  a reflection of gender balance

【解析】根據(jù)題干，定位到第二段首句，intended legislation是對is now considering legislation的同義改寫。該句意思為“歐洲國家現(xiàn)在考慮立法來迫使公司董事讓婦女的比例達到60%”，因此立法是為了保持性別的平衡。B選項的reluctant是對第5段的Reding’s reluctance出的干擾項，并不是說European Union的立法。C選項a response to Reding’s call不正確，Reding號召的是voluntary action， D也是干擾項，而真正的立法緣由是對gender balance的反思，所以A項正確，也是文章中心的反映。

38．【答案】A  get top business positions

【解析】定位至第4段，Reding說自己不喜歡quotas，后面出現(xiàn)了but，他真正的觀點在but之后，他說他喜歡quotas所做的事情，即get action，后面的冒號是對get action的解釋。核心的答案在a result seen in France and other coutries with legally binding provisions on placing women in top business positions。a result是前面內(nèi)容的同位語，進一步補充說明，所以選A。B項see through the glass ceiling是對原文break through the glass ceiling的望文生義，屬于膚淺選項，也和原文意思不符。C和D選項屬于無中生有。

39．【答案】D  approval

【解析】本題問的是作者對Reding的呼吁的態(tài)度。Reding的appeal最早出現(xiàn)在第2段，即呼吁在董事會中有40%的女性，以實現(xiàn)性別均衡。而第四段再一次提到Reding 的觀點即“他自己也不喜歡quotas,但是quotas本身確實起到了作用”；接著作者在第五段給出了自己的觀點，先是說可以理解Reding，自己本身也不喜歡quotas，但是“既然現(xiàn)在meritocratic ideal（精英管理的理想）有障礙，確實需要一種強制的手段，即強制設(shè)定男女比例。”所以可以看出作者是持“贊成”的態(tài)度。

40．【答案】C  suitable public policies

【解析】題干中的women entering top management become headlines是對第6段第二句話when women do break through to the summit of the corporate power的同義改寫，become headlines是對后面for example所舉的Sheryl Sandberg的事例的概括。答案出現(xiàn)在第7段開頭。第7段是提出一種解決措施，“If appropriate pubic choices were in place to help all women, ...Sandberg would be no more newsworthy...”，這個句子是if虛擬條件句，是對未來的一種美好展望，也是提出觀點的一種方式，意思是“如果有合理的公共政策來幫助所有的女性，Sandberg也就沒有報道價值了”。所以正確答案是C，因為缺少“suitable public policies”。

Part B

41．【答案】F  Planning is everything

【解析】段落首句談到“Impulsive spending isn’t an option, so plan your work’s menu in advance...”，其表達的含義是：沖動消費不是一個好的選擇，所以提前計劃你一周的菜單，為你所需材料的具體數(shù)量做一個購物清單。首句中出現(xiàn)了因果邏輯關(guān)聯(lián)詞so，而下文又沒有出現(xiàn)明顯轉(zhuǎn)折，因此首句是本段的中心句。文章進而提及作者為此專門做一個Excel表格，并且認為這樣做不僅花錢少并且有助于均衡飲食。顯然文章的中心在于首句談到的“plan”，而中心不是選項B表達的“balance your diet”，故答案為F。

42．【答案】E  Stick to what you need

【解析】段落第二句話中的代詞“them”指代第一句中的“supermarkets and their anonymity”。該句通過這一指代順接第一句，表達了一個否定的含義，即你不需要在小販那里感到尷尬。緊接著第三句用肯定的語氣指出“if you plan properly, you’ll know that you only need... 350g of shin of beef... ”即如果你合理的規(guī)劃，你就會清楚知道你想要什么，比如你只需要350克牛肉。作者通過語義上層層遞進的方式指出了這一段的中心：你需要什么就買什么，要對你所需要購買的東西的分量要堅持。因此選項E為正確選項。

43．【答案】G  Waste not, want not

【解析】本段內(nèi)容首先談到“你可能驕傲的說冰箱里只有冷凍的青豆，但是這還不夠”。這句話中雖然沒有明顯的轉(zhuǎn)折詞，但在語義上屬于隱性轉(zhuǎn)折，因此段落的重點應該在后面。第二句提到“Mine is filled with...”，其中Mine等于my freezer，通過指代順接上一句話。接著第三句前半句指出“提前做好計劃可以避免浪費”，后半句具體陳述了怎樣避免浪費。其中“eliminate wastage”與選項G中的“waste not”構(gòu)成同義替換。雖然該句中出現(xiàn)了planning, 但是本段的主要內(nèi)容是談到對于剩余的食物要盡可能充分利用，從而避免浪費。所以選項G談到“不浪費，不愁缺”為正確選項。

44．【答案】C  Shopkeepers are your friends

【解析】該段首句的句內(nèi)出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折，重點在轉(zhuǎn)折之后。第一句but轉(zhuǎn)折之后提到“it really is a top tip”，即這真的是一個好的提議。那么首先要還原it所指代的內(nèi)容。句前沒有提供信息，句后第二句提到“shop at butchers,...regularly, ..and be super friendly”。其中“be friendly”通過詞性轉(zhuǎn)換和選項C中的“are your friends”夠成同義替換。同時，根據(jù)就近指代原則，這也是it所指代的內(nèi)容。最后一句通過具體的信息描述了購物時表現(xiàn)出友好的態(tài)度所帶來的好處：they will let you have for free（通常他們都會免費給你），因此選項C為正確選項。

45．【答案】D  Remember to treat yourself

【解析】該段首句句內(nèi)出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折，重點在轉(zhuǎn)折之后。第一句but后提到“save your pennis and once every few months treat yourself to a set lunch”，其表達的含義是要節(jié)省錢，但可以每幾個月款待自己一次。而該句也是本段落的中心句。段落余下的信息都是在用數(shù)據(jù)來解釋這個道理。選項D中出現(xiàn)了“treat yourself”，屬于原詞復現(xiàn)。因此選項D為正確選項。

Section III  Translation

46. 翻譯

參考譯文

從過去的53年間任選一天，我能立刻回想起當時我身在何方，當天新聞中發(fā)生何事，甚至那天是周幾。自從四歲，我就具備這種能力。

我從不會因大腦吸信息量過大而感到難以承受。我的大腦似乎可以處理它們，并將其有序地存儲于腦中。每當憶及憂傷往事，和其他人一樣，我會盡量將其擱置一旁。我不認為因為我的記憶更為清晰，自己就比其他人更難做到此事。好記性并沒有讓我的情感體驗更鮮活生動。祖父去世那天的情景和之前那天我去醫(yī)院看望他時的傷心欲絕都歷歷在目。我也還記得當天在音樂劇《毛發(fā)》百老匯開場演出。這兩件事都以同樣的方式躍入我的腦海。

【解析】

1.       I can pick a date from the past 53 years and know instantly where I was, what happened in the news and even the day of the week.

【詞匯】instantly:立即、馬上;

【分析】句子主干為I can pick a date…and know…；賓語部分為where…,what…and even…。句子中并列結(jié)構(gòu)突出。

【譯文】從過去的53年間任選一天，我能立刻回想起當時我身在何方，當天新聞中發(fā)生何事，甚至那天是周幾。

2.       I’ve been able to do this, since I was four.

【分析】句子主干為I’ve been able to do this, since 引導時間狀語從句

【譯文】自從四歲，我就具備這種能力。

3.  I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs.

【詞匯】overwhelmed:壓垮，壓倒，淹沒; absorb:吸收

【分析】句子主干為I never feel overwhelmed with…,省略關(guān)系詞的定語從句my brain absorbs作后置定語修飾information

【譯文】我從不會因大腦吸信息量過大而感到難以承受。

3.       My mind seems to be able to cope and the information is stored away neatly.

【詞匯】cope:處理; store:存儲; neatly:整齊的，整潔的

【分析】句子主干為My mind seems to be…and the information is…

【譯文】我的大腦似乎可以處理它們，并將其有序地存儲于腦中。

4.       When I think of a sad memory, I do what everybody does---try to put it to one side.

【詞匯】think of:考慮，想起;

【分析】句子主干為I do what…what引導賓語從句，破折號后try to put it to one side對其進行解釋說明；when引導時間狀語從句。

【譯文】每當憶及憂傷往事，和其他人一樣，我會盡量將其擱置一旁。

5.       I don’t think it’s harder for me just because my memory is clearer.

【詞匯】clear:清晰的

【分析】句子主干為I don’t think its harder for me, because引導原因狀語從句。It指代上句話內(nèi)容。

【譯文】我不認為因為我的記憶更為清晰，自己就比其他人更難做到此事。

6.       Powerful memory doesn’t make my emotions any more acute or vivid.

【詞匯】powerful:強大的，權(quán)力大的; emotion:情感，情緒; acute:敏銳的，敏感的; vivid:生動的，形象的

【分析】句子主干為Powerful memory doesn’t make…

【譯文】好記性并沒有讓我的情感體驗更鮮活生動

7.       I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to the hospital the day before.

【詞匯】recall:回憶起，回想起

【分析】句子主干為I can recall the day…and the sadness…省略引導詞的定語從句my grandfather died作后置定語修飾the day；同樣省略引導詞的定語從句I felt修飾sadness（定語從句關(guān)系詞做賓語時可以省略）；when引導時間狀語從句對the sadness I felt進行修飾。

【譯文】祖父去世那天的情景和之前那天我去醫(yī)院看望他時的傷心欲絕都歷歷在目

8. I also remember that the musical play Hair opened on Broadway on the same day---they both just pop into my mind in the same way.

【詞匯】musical play:音樂劇; Hair:《毛發(fā)》（1968年上演，是對美國百老匯音樂劇的顛覆，獲得托尼獎）; Broadway:百老匯; pop:突然出現(xiàn)

【分析】句子主干I also remember that…,that 引導的賓語從句主干為the musical play Hair opened…;破折號后they指代前兩句話的內(nèi)容，表示同一天發(fā)生的兩件截然不同的事件，突出前面提到的好記性并未使我的情感體驗更鮮活生動。

【譯文】我也還記得當天在音樂劇《毛發(fā)》百老匯開場演出。這兩件事都以同樣的方式躍入我的腦海。

Section IV  Writing

47. 應用文范文

Dear my beloved classmates,

On the evening of January 4th, 2013, we will hold a charity sale for children who need help at the school auditorium.

The kids come from remote areas where they can not be educated properly. Our assistance may change their destinies. Many pop stars, such as Jay and Jackie Chan, will attend the activity. The school master and most of the teachers of our school will also join us.

I trust you will be disengaged and able to give the poor children a hand. Thank you very much for your kindness.

Yours sincerely

Li Ming

48. 大作文寫作

Emerging from the bar-chart above is a popular phenomenon that the proportion of the students having par-time jobs has changed during the four years’ study. The proportion increases slightly from the first year to the third year, however, the fourth year has witnessed a fast increase, surging to 88.24%.

As they are about to enter into the society, more people think that concurrent post after school benefits greater than disadvantage, cast aside making money to no comment. The bar-chart above serves to remind us that qualifications are something essential if you want to find a good job after you leave school, but on the other hand, college students can get some working experience which is as valuable as their academic achievement.

Anyway, in my point of view, it is difficult to judge whether taking part time jobs is good or bad. It depends on how you deal with the relationship between working and learning. If you can balance it well, you are sure to get enough knowledge as well as experience, so as to get ready for your future success.

編輯推薦：

2013年考研英語(一)真題及答案

（責任編輯：中大編輯）