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40.在翻譯過(guò)程中，如何處理原因狀語(yǔ)從句?

(1)譯成表示原因的分句

經(jīng)典例題240 It doesn‘t boil，despite temperatures reaching up to400degrees C，because it is under terrific pressure.

參考譯文盡管溫度可高達(dá)攝氏400度，水卻因?yàn)樘幱诟邏褐露粫?huì)沸騰。(2)譯成表示結(jié)果的分句

經(jīng)典例題241 Youjump on the bandwagonwhen you decide to support a candidate because public opinion studies show he is likely to win.

分析：譯文中將原句的語(yǔ)序作了前后調(diào)整，原因狀語(yǔ)前置，而主句被翻譯成表示結(jié)果的分句。

參考譯文如果民意調(diào)查顯示某個(gè)侯選人很可能會(huì)取勝，因此你決定支持他，你就跳上了宣傳車(chē)。

經(jīng)典例題242 He says computer manufacturers used to be more worried about electromagnetic interference，so they often put blocks of material inside to absorb stray signals.

參考譯文他說(shuō)過(guò)去的計(jì)算機(jī)生產(chǎn)商往往更擔(dān)心電磁干擾，所以他們常常內(nèi)置一層材料來(lái)吸收雜散信號(hào)。

41.在翻譯過(guò)程中，如何處理讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。

(1)譯成表示讓步的分句。如雖然…但是…，盡管…等。

經(jīng)典例題243 Although humans are the most intelligent creature on earth，anything humans can do，Nature has already done better and in far，far less space.分析：although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句譯成雖然…但…。

參考譯文雖然人類是地球上最聰明的生物，人能創(chuàng)造一切，但大自然更富于創(chuàng)造性，早已創(chuàng)造出比人類創(chuàng)造的更好更小巧的東西。

經(jīng)典例題244 While industrial lasers today are most often used for cutting，welding，rilling and measuring，the laser‘s light can be put to a much different use：separating isotopes(同位素)to produce nuclear fuel.

分析：while在本句中并非引導(dǎo)一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，而是讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。

參考譯文雖然今天的工業(yè)激光器最經(jīng)常用于切割、焊接、鉆孔和測(cè)量，但激光可以用于與此迥異的用途：分離同位素以生產(chǎn)核燃料。

(2)譯成條件句

由no matter引導(dǎo)的從句可以譯為以不論，不管，無(wú)論等做關(guān)聯(lián)詞的條件分句。例如：

經(jīng)典例題245 No matter how carefully you move your hand toward a fly，the insect will dart off almost every time.

參考譯文不管你多么小心翼翼地把手伸向一只蒼蠅，差不多每次它都飛走。

42.在翻譯過(guò)程中，如何處理目的狀語(yǔ)從句?

(1)將表示目的的從句前置

經(jīng)典例題246 For example，a film can slow down the formation of crystals so that students can study the process.

分析：原句中由so that引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句在譯文中放到了主句之前。

參考譯文例如，為了能讓學(xué)生研究這一過(guò)程，電影可以放慢演示晶體的形成過(guò)程。

經(jīng)典例題247 There must be device non_linearity in order that such a phenomenon could be possible.

參考譯文為了使這一現(xiàn)象有可能發(fā)生，就必須存在器件的非線性。

(2)表示目的的從句后置

經(jīng)典例題248 The saddles are either further fixed so that the cables may slide over them，rmounted on rollers so that they move with any movement of the cables.

分析：句中有兩個(gè)目的狀語(yǔ)從句，在翻譯時(shí)，并未直接翻譯成為了…，而是譯為這樣…，更能讓人接受。

參考譯文鞍座可以是固定的，這樣鋼纜可以在它上面滑動(dòng)，也可以安裝在滾柱上，這樣鞍座就會(huì)隨鋼纜的移動(dòng)而移動(dòng)。

經(jīng)典例題249 In addition，the cameraman must have a knowledge of composition so that the arrangement of the people and objects in each shot will produce the desired effect.

參考譯文另外，攝影師必須具備合成的知識(shí)，以便安排好每個(gè)鏡頭中的人和物來(lái)達(dá)到預(yù)期的效果。歷年真題分析

經(jīng)典例題250 The first two must be equal for all who are being compared，if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made.(1992年)

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是The first two must be equal for all who are…，if any comparison…。if引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句。主句中含有一個(gè)由關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾all.in terms of譯為談到，就…而論。

參考譯文如果要從智力方面進(jìn)行任何比較的話，那么對(duì)所有被比較者來(lái)說(shuō)，前兩個(gè)因素必須是一樣的。

經(jīng)典例題251 New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past，giving rise to new standards of elegance.(1996年)

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是New forms of thought as well as new subjects…must arise in the future as they have…，giving rise to…。as引導(dǎo)方式狀語(yǔ)從句?，F(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)giving rise to new standards of elegance充當(dāng)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，修飾動(dòng)詞arise.并列連詞as well as引導(dǎo)兩個(gè)并列的主語(yǔ)。subjects在此意為研究對(duì)象。give rise to意為引起，導(dǎo)致。

參考譯文同過(guò)去—樣，將來(lái)必然會(huì)出現(xiàn)新的思維方式和新的思維對(duì)象，給完美以新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

經(jīng)典例題252 If the small hot spots look as expected，that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea，a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory.(1998年)

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是If the small hot spots look as expected，that will be a triumph…，a refinement of the Big Bang called…。if引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句。as引導(dǎo)方式狀語(yǔ)從句，省略了they are.a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory是scientific idea的同位語(yǔ)。過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)called the inflationary universe theory修飾a refinement作定語(yǔ)。that指那些小熱點(diǎn)看上去同預(yù)計(jì)的一致這件事。the inflationary universe theory譯為宇宙膨脹理論。refinement意為改進(jìn)，提煉。

參考譯文假如那些小熱點(diǎn)看上去同預(yù)計(jì)的一致，那就意味著又一科學(xué)論說(shuō)的勝利，這種論說(shuō)即更完美的大爆炸論，亦稱宇宙膨脹說(shuō)。

經(jīng)典例題253 While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians，modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.(1999年)

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是While there are almost as many…as there are historians，modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as…。while引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，翻譯時(shí)可譯為盡管…但是…。as引導(dǎo)一個(gè)比較狀語(yǔ)從句。主句中包含一個(gè)由關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾one.one指代definition.definition意為定義，界定;modern practice在此意為現(xiàn)代史學(xué)實(shí)踐;conform to原意為遵照，順從，在此譯為趨向于認(rèn)為。

參考譯文幾乎每個(gè)歷史學(xué)家對(duì)史學(xué)都有自己的界定，但現(xiàn)代史學(xué)家的實(shí)踐最趨向于認(rèn)為歷史學(xué)是試圖重現(xiàn)過(guò)去的重大史實(shí)并對(duì)其做出解釋。熟能生巧經(jīng)典例題254If，like most of mankind，you have strong convictions on many such matters，there are ways in which you can make yourself aware of your own prejudice.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是If…you have strong convictions on…，there are ways in which you can…。if引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句。like most of mankind是插入語(yǔ)。主句中包含一個(gè)由介詞in+which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾ways.conviction原意為深信，信念，在這個(gè)句中應(yīng)譯為一味地迷信…。

參考譯文如果你和大多數(shù)人一樣，迷信諸如此類的事情，那么可以使你意識(shí)到自己偏見(jiàn)的辦法是不少的。

經(jīng)典例題255 Every time you try to answer a question that asks why，you engage in the process of causal analysis—you attempt to determine a cause or series of causes for a particular effect.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是Every time you try to answer…，you engage in the process…—you attempt to determine…。every time引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，意為每當(dāng)。是一個(gè)名詞化的連接詞。這個(gè)從句中包含一個(gè)由that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。破折號(hào)引導(dǎo)的句子作主句的同位語(yǔ)。engage in意為參與，參加。

參考譯文每當(dāng)你試圖回答一個(gè)問(wèn)及為什么的問(wèn)題時(shí)，你就是在進(jìn)行因果分析了。也就是說(shuō)，你正努力尋找決定某個(gè)結(jié)果的某個(gè)原因或一系列原因。

經(jīng)典例題256 While not every scientific fact is a numerical one，nor every scientific theory a predictor of numerical magnitudes，so many are that we cannot conceive of modern science without the process of measurement.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是While not every scientific fact is…，nor every scientific theory…，so many are that we cannot conceive of modern science…。while在此句中引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。主句是so many are…。are后省略了表語(yǔ)numerical.that引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句，與前文的so相呼應(yīng)。在while引導(dǎo)的從句中，not與nor引起并列成分，譯為不是…，也不是…。magnitudes意為廣大，重要。

參考譯文盡管不是每門(mén)科學(xué)事實(shí)都是用數(shù)字來(lái)表示的，也不是每一條科學(xué)理論都是數(shù)字大小的預(yù)測(cè)器，但是用數(shù)字表示的是如此之多，以致如果沒(méi)有計(jì)量我們就不可能設(shè)想有現(xiàn)代科學(xué)。

經(jīng)典例題257 Where it is dry so much of the time that few plants can live，the destructive waters have their own way when the occasional rains come.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是Where it is dry…，the destructive waters have…。where it is dry…是地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句。it是無(wú)人稱代詞，表示自然現(xiàn)象。在這個(gè)從句中包含了一個(gè)由that引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句，與so相呼應(yīng)。主句中包含一個(gè)由when引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。the destructive waters不能直譯為具有破壞性的水，而應(yīng)與謂語(yǔ)結(jié)合轉(zhuǎn)譯成雨水泛濫，造成災(zāi)害。

參考譯文在長(zhǎng)期干旱以致植物稀少的地方，偶爾降雨便會(huì)泛濫，造成災(zāi)害。

經(jīng)典例題258 Whatever its underlying reasons，there is no doubt that much of the pollution caused could be controlled if only companies，individuals and governments would make more efforts.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是Whatever its underlying reasons，there is no doubt that…if only companies，…。whatever引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，謂語(yǔ)may be省略。句子主語(yǔ)為reasons，whatever是may be的表語(yǔ)。its指代pollution‘s.主句中that引導(dǎo)的是doubt的同位語(yǔ)從句。過(guò)去分詞caused作pollution的定語(yǔ)。在同位語(yǔ)從句中包含了由if only引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句。整個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，表示這種可能性很小。

參考譯文不論污染的根本原因是什么，毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，只要各大公司、個(gè)人和各級(jí)政府都能作出較大的努力，所造成的大部分污染是可以加以控制的。

經(jīng)典例題259 Now，commercial farmers have become increasingly specialized so that almost everything consumed on most farms is now bought from outside sources rather than home_grown.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是…commercial farmers have become…specialized，so that everything consumed…is bought…rather than…。so that引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句。過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)consumed on most farms作定語(yǔ)修飾everything.rather than譯為而不是，表示比較。

參考譯文現(xiàn)在，商業(yè)社會(huì)的農(nóng)民已越來(lái)越專業(yè)化，因而在大部分農(nóng)場(chǎng)消費(fèi)的幾乎所有東西現(xiàn)在都是從外面采購(gòu)的，而不是農(nóng)場(chǎng)自己生產(chǎn)的。

經(jīng)典例題260 If developing countries feel that industrialized countries are trying to divert attention from their problems by focusing on the problems of poorer countries，then we risk wrestling endlessly over these issues rather than solving our common problems.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是If developing countries feel that…，then we risk wrestling endlessly over…。if引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句。而在此從句中又套了一個(gè)由that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。介詞短語(yǔ)by focusng on…作狀語(yǔ)。對(duì)于這樣長(zhǎng)的條件句，應(yīng)采用分譯法。we指代前文的developing countries.wrestle不能直譯為搏斗，應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)譯為爭(zhēng)論。

參考譯文工業(yè)化國(guó)家正試圖通過(guò)強(qiáng)調(diào)貧困國(guó)家的問(wèn)題來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)移人們對(duì)他們的問(wèn)題的注意力;如果發(fā)展中國(guó)家意識(shí)到這一點(diǎn)，那我們就會(huì)冒險(xiǎn)把這些問(wèn)題無(wú)休止地爭(zhēng)論下去，而沒(méi)有解決我們共同的問(wèn)題。

經(jīng)典例題261 As the electronic cash is downloaded，the customers‘bank accounts are debited，just as they would be after an ATM withdrawal.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是As the electronic cash is…，the customers‘bank accounts are…，just as they would be…。第一個(gè)as引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，而后一個(gè)as引導(dǎo)方式狀語(yǔ)從句。debit譯為記入賬戶借方。ATM譯為自動(dòng)取款機(jī)。

參考譯文在電子現(xiàn)金下載后，客戶的銀行存款就記入賬戶的借方，就像在自動(dòng)取款機(jī)取款后那樣。

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（責(zé)任編輯：rhj）