2014年考研備考正在進(jìn)行,中大網(wǎng)校小編特編輯了2014年考研英語(yǔ)翻譯練習(xí)題,幫助您有效提高英語(yǔ)水平,備戰(zhàn)2014年碩士研究生考試??!
六、社會(huì)保障
The value which society places on work has traditionally been closely associated with the value of individualism and as a result it has had negative effects on the development of social security. (46) It has meant that in the first place the amount of benefits must be small lest people’s willingness to work and support themselves suffers. Even today with flat rate and earnings-related benefits, the total amount of the benefit must always be smaller than the person’s wages for fear of malingering. “The purpose of social security,” said Huntford referring to Sweden’s comparatively generous benefits, “is to dispel need without crossing the threshold of prosperity.” Second, social security benefits are granted under conditions designed to reduce the likelihood of even the boldest of spirits attempting to live on the State rather than work. Many of the rules surrounding the payment of unemployment or supplementary benefit are for this purpose. Third, the value placed on work is manifested in a more positive way as in the case of disability. (47) People suffering from accidents incurred at work or from occupational diseases receive preferential treatment by the social security service compared with those suffering from civil accidents and ordinary illnesses.
Yet, the stranglehold which work has had on the social security service has been increasingly loosened over the years. The provision of family allowances, family income supplements, the slight liberalization of the wages stop are some of the manifestations of this trend. (48) Similarly, the preferential treatment given to occupational disability by the social security service has been increasingly questioned with the demands for the upgrading of benefits for the other types of disability. It is felt that in contemporary industrial societies the distinction between occupational and non-occupational disability is artificial for many non-occupational forms of disability have an industrial origin even if they do not occur directly in the workplace. (49) There is also the additional reason which we mentioned in the argument for one benefit for all one-parent families, that a modern social security service must concentrate on meeting needs irrespective of the cause behind such needs.
The relationship between social security and work is not all a one-way affair. (50) It is true that until very recently the general view was that social security “represented a type of luxury and was essentially anti-economic.” It was seen as merely government expenditure for the needy. As we saw, however, redundancy payments and earnings-related unemployment benefits have been used with some success by employers and the government to reduce workers’ opposition towards loss of their jobs.
總體分析
這是一篇關(guān)于社會(huì)保障的文章,主要論述社會(huì)賦予工作的價(jià)值這種觀點(diǎn)所帶來(lái)的后果,并指出雖然社會(huì)保障存在一些問(wèn)題,但是仍有成效可見(jiàn)。
第一段:先提出社會(huì)賦予工作的價(jià)值在傳統(tǒng)上一直與個(gè)人主義緊密聯(lián)系在一起,因此對(duì)社會(huì)保障的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了負(fù)面的影響。接著具體論述了三點(diǎn)影響。
第二段:轉(zhuǎn)折指出,近年來(lái)工作對(duì)社會(huì)保障的束縛日益松解。接著作者又提到現(xiàn)代工業(yè)社會(huì)中工傷和非工傷的區(qū)別是虛假的,最后提到單親家庭的救濟(jì)理由,即一個(gè)現(xiàn)代的社會(huì)保障體系必須專注于滿足需求,不管這些需求的背后有何原因。
第三段:綜述社會(huì)保障和工作之間的關(guān)系。并指出看待社會(huì)保障的幾種觀點(diǎn)。
文章是有關(guān)社會(huì)生活的評(píng)論性文章,所用詞匯絕大多數(shù)為書面用語(yǔ),句子結(jié)構(gòu)也比較復(fù)雜,長(zhǎng)句較多。此外,這篇文章的主題“社會(huì)保障”是社會(huì)生活中比較常見(jiàn)的話題,所以考生可以結(jié)合常識(shí)理解。由此可見(jiàn),考生平時(shí)應(yīng)該注意一些有關(guān)社會(huì)文化生活的中英文報(bào)道,一方面熟悉常用詞匯,一方面積累常識(shí)性知識(shí)。
文章考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn):(一)狀語(yǔ),包括目的狀語(yǔ)從句,分詞作狀語(yǔ),介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)。(二)定語(yǔ),包括定語(yǔ)從句,過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)等。(三)it為形式主語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)從句。(四)同位語(yǔ)。
試題精解
46.[精解] 本題考核知識(shí)點(diǎn):目的狀語(yǔ)從句的翻譯
該句是一個(gè)含有l(wèi)est引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句。主句部分又包含了一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。主句的主語(yǔ)為代詞it,考生翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)聯(lián)系上下文找出它所指代的對(duì)象,避免產(chǎn)生歧義。在此句中,it指代的是前文整個(gè)句子,可以譯為“這種觀念”。Mean字面含義是“表示...的意思”,在這里因?yàn)橹髡Z(yǔ)譯成觀念,所以可將mean活譯成“認(rèn)為”與之相搭配。連詞lest引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句,按字面意思直譯是“以免人們的積極性受到損害”,但是考慮到要突出主語(yǔ)以及具體動(dòng)作,可依照漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣譯成主動(dòng)句。
詞匯:benefit常見(jiàn)含義是“好處,利益”,因?yàn)檎麄€(gè)文章談?wù)摰氖巧鐣?huì)保障問(wèn)題,所以應(yīng)譯成“救濟(jì)金,保障金”。in the first place字面意思是“在第一的位置上”,一般譯為“首先”。Willingness原意為“甘愿,自愿”,Suffer意為“受損害,受痛苦”,兩個(gè)詞搭配在一起,譯為“積極性受到損害”或“損害積極性”。
47.[精解] 本題考核知識(shí)點(diǎn):現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)、過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)、過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)的譯法
該句的主干是people … receive preferential treatment。其中suffering from accidents …or from occupational diseases是現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)修飾主語(yǔ)people,考生在翻譯時(shí)可以按照漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣,將定語(yǔ)放到名詞前面。incurred at work是過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ),修飾這一詞組前的accidents,可意譯為“因工受傷”。compared with those suffering … 是過(guò)去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ),翻譯時(shí),狀語(yǔ)部分可放在句首,譯為“與...相比”。此外,考生應(yīng)將該部分中those一詞所指代的對(duì)象譯出,以免產(chǎn)生歧義。聯(lián)系上下文可得,它是泛指代詞,可譯為“人們”。Those 后面的現(xiàn)在分詞詞組仍然充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)。
詞匯:Occupational diseases“職業(yè)病”;preferential treatment“優(yōu)待”;incur“招致”;social security service社會(huì)保障服務(wù);civil“市民的,公民的”,這里與work 相對(duì),譯為“個(gè)人的”。
48.[精解] 本題考核知識(shí)點(diǎn):被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)、過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)、介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)的譯法
該句子的主句是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)the preferential treatment has been questioned。對(duì)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的翻譯,可以將其譯為“遭受,受到”等。文章中g(shù)iven to occupational disability by the social security service部分是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu),修飾主語(yǔ)the treatment。With引導(dǎo)的介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ),翻譯時(shí)既可以按照漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣放到句首,也可以獨(dú)立譯成一個(gè)分句,突出強(qiáng)調(diào)這一事件。
詞匯:increasingly字面意思是“漸漸地,逐漸地”,在文中譯為“越來(lái)越多地”;question作動(dòng)詞時(shí)譯為“質(zhì)疑”。Upgrade“上升,上漲,提高”。
49.[精解] 本題考核知識(shí)點(diǎn):同位語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)從句的翻譯
該句子的主干成分是there be 結(jié)構(gòu)there is also the reason,可直接譯為“還有一個(gè)理由”。that引導(dǎo)的句子為reason的同位語(yǔ),翻譯時(shí)可以直接用一個(gè)“即”字引導(dǎo),緊跟在reason后面。which 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,修飾reason一詞,翻譯時(shí)按照漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣置于名詞的前面。
詞匯:additional“額外的,附加的”,one-parent family“單親家庭”,concentrate on“集中于,專注于”,irrespective of“不顧……的;不考慮……的;不論……的”。
50.[精解] 本題考核知識(shí)點(diǎn):主語(yǔ)從句的翻譯
第一個(gè)句子的主干成分是it is true,其中it為形式主語(yǔ),that引導(dǎo)的從句為真正的主語(yǔ)。由于主語(yǔ)太長(zhǎng),可以將謂語(yǔ)部分提前譯為“誠(chéng)然”。主語(yǔ)從句的主干是the general view was that…,until very recently突出強(qiáng)調(diào)了所述現(xiàn)象存在的時(shí)間,在翻譯時(shí),可以單獨(dú)譯成“直到最近”。主語(yǔ)從句中又包含了that引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句。后一句是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)It was seen as …,考生注意翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)將主語(yǔ)代詞it 指代的對(duì)象譯出,在句中它指代的是“社會(huì)保障”。
詞匯:represented“代表”;luxury“奢侈,享受”。Essentially“基本的,本質(zhì)的”。Expenditure“開(kāi)支,費(fèi)用”。Needy“貧困的”,在句中與定冠詞the搭配,特指一類人,可以譯為“貧困群體”。
全文翻譯
社會(huì)賦予工作的價(jià)值在傳統(tǒng)上一直與個(gè)人主義價(jià)值緊密聯(lián)系在一起,因此對(duì)社會(huì)保障的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了負(fù)面的影響。首先,這種觀念認(rèn)為,救濟(jì)金的數(shù)額必須小,以免損害人們主動(dòng)工作,自食其力的積極性。盡管目前的救濟(jì)金一直保持固定的比率,而且與收入掛鉤,但是為了防止有人裝病以逃避職責(zé),救濟(jì)金的總數(shù)額總是必須小于人們的周薪。在談到瑞典相對(duì)較多的救濟(jì)金時(shí),亨特·福德說(shuō):“社會(huì)保障的目的是擺脫沒(méi)有跨越富裕界限的需要。”第二,社會(huì)保障金的發(fā)放是有條件的,設(shè)計(jì)這些條件的目的是為了減少那些膽大妄為者企圖依靠國(guó)家而不是依靠工作而生活的可能性。許多圍繞失業(yè)付給或補(bǔ)充救濟(jì)金的規(guī)則都是為了這一目的而設(shè)置的。第三,在傷殘情況下,賦予工作的價(jià)值以更明確的方式體現(xiàn)出來(lái)。與那些遭受個(gè)人意外和普通疾病的人相比,因公受傷或者患有職業(yè)病的人在社會(huì)保障服務(wù)方面享有優(yōu)待。”
然而,近年來(lái)工作對(duì)社會(huì)保障的束縛日益松解。在家庭補(bǔ)貼、家庭收入增補(bǔ)、對(duì)停薪限制寬松化等方面的規(guī)定都能體現(xiàn)出這種趨勢(shì)。同樣,社會(huì)保障服務(wù)給予職業(yè)傷殘的優(yōu)惠待遇越來(lái)越多地受到了質(zhì)疑,人們要求提高對(duì)其他類型傷殘的救濟(jì)??梢愿杏X(jué)到的是,在當(dāng)代工業(yè)社會(huì)中,職業(yè)傷殘和非職業(yè)傷殘的不同是虛假的,因?yàn)樵S多非職業(yè)傷殘盡管不是直接發(fā)生在工作場(chǎng)所,仍然有著工業(yè)根源。此外,還有一個(gè)我們?cè)谟懻搯斡H家庭救濟(jì)問(wèn)題時(shí)所提及的理由,即一個(gè)現(xiàn)代的社會(huì)保障服務(wù)必須專注于滿足需求,不管這些需求的背后有何原因。
社會(huì)保障和工作之間的關(guān)系,并不都是單方面的事情。直到最近,普遍的觀點(diǎn)依然認(rèn)為社會(huì)保障“體現(xiàn)的是一種享受,從本質(zhì)上講是反經(jīng)濟(jì)的”。它僅僅被看作是政府用于貧困群體的開(kāi)支,但是雇主和政府仍然較為成功地運(yùn)用了裁員支出和與收入相關(guān)的失業(yè)福利減少了工人對(duì)于失業(yè)的反對(duì)。
相關(guān)推薦:
2014年考研英語(yǔ)經(jīng)典閱讀理解及詳細(xì)解析匯總
2014年考研英語(yǔ)輔導(dǎo):如何翻譯名詞性、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)從句匯總
更多關(guān)注:2014年考研報(bào)考指南 2013年考研英語(yǔ)大綱
(責(zé)任編輯:rhj)