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Computer programmers often remark that computing machines, with a perfect lack of discrimination, will do any foolish thing they are told to do. The reason for this lies, of course, in the narrow fixation of the computing machine’s “intelligence” on the details of its own perceptions — its inability to be guided by any large context. In a psychological description of the computer intelligence, three related adjectives come to mind: single-minded, literal-minded, and simple-minded. Recognizing this, we should at the same time recognize that this single-mindedness, literal-mindedness, and simple-mindedness also characterizes theoretical mathematics, though to a lesser extent.

Since science tries to deal with reality, even the most precise sciences normally work with more or less imperfectly understood approximations toward which scientists must maintain an appropriate skepticism. Thus, for instance, it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom, but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin, magnetic dipole, and relativistic effects; and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field-theoretical equations. Physicists, looking at the original Schrodinger equation, learn to sense in it the presence of many invisible terms in addition to the differential terms visible, and this sense inspires an entirely appropriate disregard for the purely technical features of the equation. This very healthy skepticism is foreign to the mathematical approach.

Mathematics must deal with well-defined situations. Thus, mathematicians depend on an intellectual effort outside of mathematics for the crucial specification of the approximation that mathematics is to take literally. Give mathematicians a situation that is the least bit ill-defined, and they will make it well-defined, perhaps appropriately, but perhaps inappropriately. In some cases, the mathematicians literal-mindedness may have unfortunate consequences. The mathematicians turn the scientists’ theoretical assumptions that is, their convenient points of analytical emphasis, into axioms, and then take these axioms literally. This brings the danger that they may also persuade the scientists to take these axioms literally. The question, central to the scientific investigation but intensely disturbing in the mathematical context — what happens if the axioms are relaxed? — is thereby ignored.

The physicist rightly dreads precise argument, since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions.

1. The author discusses computing machines in the first paragraph primarily in order to do which of the following?

[A] Indicate the dangers inherent in relying to a great extent on machines.

[B] Illustrate his views about the approach of mathematicians to problem solving.

[C] Compare the work of mathematicians with that of computer programmers.

[D] Provide one definition of intelligence.

2. It can be inferred form the text that scientists make which of the following assumptions about scientific arguments?

[A] The literal truth of the arguments can be made clear only in a mathematical context.

[B] The arguments necessarily ignore the central question of scientific investigation.

[C] The arguments probably will be convincing only to other scientists.

[D] The premises on which the arguments are based may change.

3. According to the text, mathematicians present a risk to scientist for which of the following reasons?

[A] Mathematicians may provide theories that are incompatible with those already developed by scientists.

[B] Mathematicians may define situations in a way that is incomprehensible to scientists.

[C] Mathematicians may convince scientists that theoretical assumptions are facts.

[D] Scientists may come to believe that axiomatic statements are untrue.

4. The author suggests that the approach of physicists to solving scientific problem is which of the following?

[A] Practical for scientific purposes.

[B] Detrimental to scientific progress.

[C] Unimportant in most situations.

[D] Expedient, but of little long-term value.

5. The author implies that scientists develop a healthy skepticism because they are aware that

[A] mathematicians are better able to solve problems than are scientists.

[B] changes in axiomatic propositions will inevitably undermine scientific arguments.

[C] well-defined situations are necessary for the design of reliable experiments.

[D] some factors in most situations must remain unknown.

[答案與考點(diǎn)解析]

1. 【答案】B

【考點(diǎn)解析】這是一道寫(xiě)作手法題。旨在考察考生的語(yǔ)言基本功和對(duì)文章段落結(jié)構(gòu)的認(rèn)識(shí)。這是一道比較難的題目。通過(guò)仔細(xì)閱讀第一段并且把第一段和本文其它段落相聯(lián)系，可推導(dǎo)出本題的正確選項(xiàng)是B。原文作者借用大家所熟悉的“computing machines”作為例子來(lái)幫助我們更好的了解“theoretical mathematics”的特點(diǎn)。考生在解題時(shí)一定要識(shí)別出作者的寫(xiě)作手法和意圖。

2. 【答案】D

【考點(diǎn)解析】這是一道審題定位與引申推導(dǎo)題。通過(guò)本題題干中的“arguments”一詞可將本題的答案信息來(lái)源迅速確定在尾段。通過(guò)仔細(xì)閱讀理解尾段的內(nèi)容并且根據(jù)尾段的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行推導(dǎo)，可得知本題的正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該是突出“the premises…may change”的選項(xiàng)D。考生在解題時(shí)即要具備迅速審題定位的能力，又要具備理解原文深層含義的能力。

3. 【答案】C

【考點(diǎn)解析】這是一道審題定位與細(xì)節(jié)推導(dǎo)題。根據(jù)本題題干中的“risk”一詞可將本題的答案信息來(lái)源確定在原文倒數(shù)第二段的倒數(shù)第二句，通過(guò)仔細(xì)閱讀倒數(shù)第二段的倒數(shù)第二句和第三句，尤其是倒數(shù)第二句中“danger”一詞后面的同謂語(yǔ)從句，我們可以推斷出本題的正確選項(xiàng)是突出“theoretical assumptions are facts”的選項(xiàng)C?？忌诮忸}時(shí)一定要善于深入理解原文的含義，千萬(wàn)不能只停留在文字的表面。

4. 【答案】A

【考點(diǎn)解析】本題是一道審題定位與關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)題。通過(guò)本題題干中的“physicists”可將本題的答案信息來(lái)源迅速確定在第二段的倒數(shù)第二句。通過(guò)閱讀本句以及它的前后句，尤其是它后面的一句話(第二段的尾句)，我們可以推斷出本題的正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該是表達(dá)“healthy”(有益的)含義的選項(xiàng)A，因?yàn)樵撨x項(xiàng)中的“practical”是一個(gè)表示肯定的詞語(yǔ)?？忌诮忸}時(shí)一定要善于審題定位，更要善于理解句間關(guān)系所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容。

5. 【答案】D

【考點(diǎn)解析】這是一道指代詞題型。根據(jù)本題題干中的“healthy skepticism”可將本題的答案信息來(lái)源迅速確定在第二段的尾句，該句中的指代詞“this”暗示我們本題的真正答案信息來(lái)源在第二段的倒數(shù)第二句，通過(guò)仔細(xì)閱讀和理解倒數(shù)第二段的第二句話，我們可以得知強(qiáng)調(diào)“invisible”的選項(xiàng)D是本題的正確選項(xiàng)，因?yàn)樵撨x項(xiàng)中含有“unknown”一詞。考生在解題時(shí)應(yīng)注意指代詞的作用和功能，更要注意對(duì)原文細(xì)節(jié)的理解和把握。

[參考譯文]

計(jì)算機(jī)程序員經(jīng)常說(shuō)計(jì)算機(jī)器會(huì)執(zhí)行任何愚蠢的命令，因?yàn)樗鼈兺耆狈Ρ鎰e力。當(dāng)然，其原因在于計(jì)算機(jī)的智力在其感知細(xì)節(jié)上的狹窄固定性——它不能被冗長(zhǎng)的上下文所引導(dǎo)。三個(gè)相關(guān)的形容詞可以用來(lái)對(duì)計(jì)算機(jī)進(jìn)行心理上的描述：?jiǎn)我坏乃季S，刻板的思維，簡(jiǎn)單的思維。在認(rèn)識(shí)到這一點(diǎn)的同時(shí)，我們也應(yīng)該認(rèn)識(shí)到這種單一的思維，刻板的思維，簡(jiǎn)單的思維同樣可以用來(lái)(盡管只是在較低的程度上)描述理論數(shù)學(xué)。

由于科學(xué)總是處理現(xiàn)實(shí)的問(wèn)題，即使最精確的科學(xué)也通常在或多或少的不完全理解的近似的基礎(chǔ)上探討現(xiàn)實(shí)，對(duì)此，科學(xué)家必須保持適當(dāng)?shù)膽岩?。例如，?dāng)數(shù)學(xué)家得知關(guān)于氫原子的薛定諤方程并不是對(duì)這種原子的精確的描述，而只是在考慮了旋轉(zhuǎn)、磁極以及相對(duì)論作用的基礎(chǔ)上一個(gè)稍微正確的近似方程，并且這個(gè)所謂的正確方程自身也只是對(duì)一個(gè)無(wú)窮量子理論場(chǎng)的不完美的近似時(shí)，他們一定深感震驚。當(dāng)物理學(xué)家看到最初的薛定諤方程時(shí)，他們從中感知到在可見(jiàn)的各種關(guān)系之外，仍然存在著許多不可見(jiàn)的關(guān)聯(lián)，而這種感知就會(huì)激勵(lì)物理學(xué)家合理地忽略方程中純技術(shù)的特色。這種非常有益的懷疑態(tài)度對(duì)于數(shù)學(xué)領(lǐng)域而言則是較為陌生的。

數(shù)學(xué)家必須研究精確界定的情況。因此，數(shù)學(xué)家依賴(lài)數(shù)學(xué)以外的努力來(lái)對(duì)數(shù)學(xué)照字面意義理解的近似性加以詳細(xì)的說(shuō)明。當(dāng)給予數(shù)學(xué)家一個(gè)不確定程度較小的情形時(shí)，他們會(huì)把它轉(zhuǎn)化成一個(gè)完全確定的狀態(tài)。這種轉(zhuǎn)化可能是合適的，也可能是不合適的。在某些情形下，數(shù)學(xué)家的這種刻板思維可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生不幸的后果。數(shù)學(xué)家把科學(xué)家的理論假設(shè)，也就是科學(xué)家分析重點(diǎn)的權(quán)宜之點(diǎn)，轉(zhuǎn)化成公理，然后依據(jù)精確字義理解這些公理。他們可能還會(huì)說(shuō)服科學(xué)家依據(jù)字義理解公理，這就會(huì)帶來(lái)危險(xiǎn)?？茖W(xué)家調(diào)查的中心問(wèn)題，在數(shù)學(xué)領(lǐng)域則成為極其擾亂人心的問(wèn)題，因而被忽略——如果公理不嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)會(huì)發(fā)生什么情況?

物理學(xué)家懼怕精確的論斷是對(duì)的，因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)僅僅因其精確性而使人信服的論斷，當(dāng)它所基于的假設(shè)略微改變時(shí)，其說(shuō)服力就會(huì)喪失殆盡，而一個(gè)盡管不精確卻具有說(shuō)服力的論斷，卻會(huì)在它的基礎(chǔ)假設(shè)受到小干擾時(shí)，依舊巋然不動(dòng)。

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